Troponin I (hs-TnI) is a key cardiac biomarker used for the prompt identification and diagnosis of myocardial injury. Troponin I, a protein involved in regulating cardiac muscle contraction, is released into the bloodstream when heart muscle cells are damaged. Clinical Significance of High-Sensitivity Troponin I lies in its role in diagnosing and managing diseases, including: […]
Introduction D-dimer is a protein fragment formed when cross-linked fibrin is broken down by plasmin during fibrinolysis. It is present in very low concentrations in the bloodstream. Under normal physiological conditions, clot formation and destruction remain balanced, preventing excess bleeding and ensuring proper blood flow after blood vessel healing. Elevated D-dimer levels are found in […]
Introduction Celiac disease occurs in individuals as a reaction to gluten sensitivity. Gluten is a protein that is found in various cereals like Wheat, Barley, and rye. If a patient with celiac disease consumes food containing gluten, this will lead to damage to the mucous membrane of the small intestine. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an […]
Progesterone is an essential hormone that regulates multiple biological processes in the female reproductive system. It is produced primarily in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and placenta during pregnancy. Progesterone has an essential function in preparing the endometrium layer of the uterus for Implantation. In addition to its fertility functions, progesterone influences other bodily systems, such […]
CK-MB is a cardiac marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and myocarditis. It is a creatine kinase enzyme composed of muscle and brain subunits and can be used to assess tissue injury. When the myocardium experiences structural injury or oxygen deprivation, it releases CK-MB directly into the bloodstream. Previously, CK-MB was considered the standard […]
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is produced by the prostate gland, located in the male reproductive system. There are two forms of PSA ; total PSA ( bound to proteins ) and free PSA (freely circulating) . The ratio of free PSA to total PSA ( per cent-free PSA) is usually found to be comparatively low in […]
Ferritin is a protein widely distributed in all living organisms, including bacteria, algae, higher plants, animals, and humans. Ferritin stores iron in our cells, which indirectly measures the amount of iron in our body. Iron is essential for healthy red blood cells, muscles, bone marrow, and organs. Clinical Significance of Ferritin and Interpretation Its clinical […]
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) is a glycoprotein biomarker & used in the medical field for the detection and management of ovarian cancer, also known as the carbohydrate antigen 125. CA-125 is a cell surface glycoprotein which is found in higher concentrations in the blood of women having ovarian cancer. Its applications extend beyond cancer detection, […]
AFP is a glycoprotein found in high concentrations in the blood of a developing fetus. It plays a pivotal role in managing the growth and development of the fetus. After birth, AFP levels drop significantly and remain low throughout adulthood. Key Uses of the AFP Test: Defining AFP Test Results Normal AFP Levels: Elevated AFP […]
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a member of the gonadotropin hormone group, plays a vital role in reproductive function for both males and females. It affects and acts on granulosa cells in the ovaries of females and Sertoli cells in the testes of males. In females, it supports the maturation and ovulation of eggs each month, while […]
