Myoglobin is an iron-containing protein found mainly in the muscle cells of vertebrates, particularly in the heart and skeletal muscles. The main function of Myoglobin is to store oxygen and make it available to muscles when energy demands are high. This is especially important during strenuous exercise or prolonged periods of limited oxygen availability, such […]
Introduction The immune system against thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, produces anti-thyroid peroxidase (Anti-TPO) antibodies. Anti-TPO serves as a key marker for autoimmune thyroid diseases, especially Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. These antibodies may appear before symptoms or abnormal hormone levels, making Anti-TPO a valuable early indicator of autoimmune thyroid disease. […]
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is made up of two subunits: alpha (α), which is common to other hormones like LH, FSH, and TSH, and beta (β), which is unique to HCG. β-HCG is an essential hormone in early pregnancy in clinical practice. It is produced by placental trophoblast cells after fertilisation and serves as a […]
Ferritin is a protein widely distributed across all living organisms, including bacteria, algae, higher plants, animals, and humans. Ferritin stores iron in our cells and indirectly reflects the amount of iron in our body. Iron is important for healthy red blood cells, muscles, bone marrow and organs. Clinical Significance of Ferritin and Interpretation Its clinical […]
Testosterone is a hormone produced by Leydig cells in the male testes and is also present in small amounts in the adrenal glands & Female ovaries. Testosterone is responsible for sex differentiation, development of male secondary sexual characteristics, human sexual desire, & overall male fertility. Testosterone enhances bone density & supports cognitive function such as […]
Prolactin hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and is present in both males and females. It stimulates milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth. Dopamine regulates prolactin secretion by inhibiting its release; any disruption of this regulation may lead to abnormal prolactin levels. It also maintains reproductive health by regulating menstrual cycles […]
Procalcitonin (PCT) , a precursor of the hormone Calcitonin, consists of almost 116 amino acid residues. C-cells of the thyroid gland & neuroendocrine cells in the lungs and intestines secrete Procalcitonin (PCT). PCT is present in very small amounts in the body. In 1993, studies showed that elevated serum PCT levels were positively associated with […]
The discovery of insulin took place in 1921, credited to researchers Frederick Banting and Charles Best, changing diabetes from a life-threatening disease into a manageable condition, especially for individuals who have Type 1 Diabetes. The pancreas produces this hormone and regulates blood sugar levels by enabling cells to take up and store glucose for energy. […]
The C-peptide, also called the connecting peptide, is a 31-amino-acid polypeptide. It is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and is Introduction Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy often diagnosed at advanced stages, with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) acting as the primary FDA-approved serum biomarker for management. Despite limitations, including false-positives in benign […]
The C-peptide, also called the connecting peptide, is a 31-amino-acid polypeptide. It is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and is used to assess beta-cell function. It is cleaved from proinsulin to make insulin. It has a longer half-life than insulin and is therefore considered a useful and relatively stable indicator of pancreatic insulin secretion. It […]
