AFP is a glycoprotein found in high concentrations in the blood of a developing fetus. It plays a pivotal role in managing the growth and development of the fetus. After birth, AFP levels drop significantly and remain low throughout adulthood.
Key Uses of the AFP Test:
- Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma – HCC): AFP is commonly elevated in individuals with liver cancer, especially in those with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis.
- Testicular Cancer: AFP can be elevated in non-seminomatous testicular cancers, such as yolk sac tumors.
- Ovarian Cancer: Certain ovarian cancers, especially those of the germ cell type, may produce AFP.
- Monitoring Treatment Response: In patients with known AFP-producing tumors, the test helps monitor treatment effectiveness and detect recurrence.
- Screening for Fetal Abnormalities (in Pregnancy): AFP levels are part of the triple or quadruple screening tests to evaluate and assess the risk of probable circumstances like neural tube defects or Down syndrome in the fetus.
Defining AFP Test Results
Normal AFP Levels:
- Adults: Generally less than 10 ng/mL (can vary by lab).
- Pregnant Women: Levels vary with gestational age and are higher than in non-pregnant individuals.
Elevated AFP Levels May Indicate:
- Liver cancer
- Germ cell tumors (testicular, ovarian)
- Liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis)
- Pregnancy-related conditions (if abnormal)
- Certain rare cancers (e.g., stomach, pancreatic)
Low AFP Levels:
- Less commonly, a concern, but very low levels may be seen in some types of testicular cancer or other conditions.
What Affects AFP Results?
- Non-cancer conditions: Liver disease, hepatitis, and cirrhosis can raise AFP levels.
- Pregnancy: AFP levels are naturally higher during Pregnancy, especially in the second trimester.
- Age and Gender: Normal ranges can vary slightly based on lab standards.
Limitations of the AFP Test
- Non-Specific: Elevated AFP is not definitive for cancer and may occur in benign conditions.
- False Positives/Negatives: Some cancers do not make AFP, and not all situations of elevated AFP would be cancerous.
Conclusion The AFP Tumor Marker Test is a invaluable tool in oncology and hepatology, helping in the early detection . It also supports management of certain cancers and liver conditions. However, it should always be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, history, and other diagnostic tests. If you have concerns about AFP levels, consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice.