CK-MB is a cardiac marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and myocarditis. It is a creatine kinase enzyme composed of muscle and brain subunits and can be used to assess tissue injury. When the myocardium experiences structural injury or oxygen deprivation, it releases CK-MB directly into the bloodstream. Previously, CK-MB was considered the standard […]
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is produced by the prostate gland, located in the male reproductive system. There are two forms of PSA ; total PSA ( bound to proteins ) and free PSA (freely circulating) . The ratio of free PSA to total PSA ( per cent-free PSA) is usually found to be comparatively low in […]
Ferritin is a protein widely distributed in all living organisms, including bacteria, algae, higher plants, animals, and humans. Ferritin stores iron in our cells, which indirectly measures the amount of iron in our body. Iron is essential for healthy red blood cells, muscles, bone marrow, and organs. Clinical Significance of Ferritin and Interpretation Its clinical […]
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) is a glycoprotein biomarker & used in the medical field for the detection and management of ovarian cancer, also known as the carbohydrate antigen 125. CA-125 is a cell surface glycoprotein which is found in higher concentrations in the blood of women having ovarian cancer. Its applications extend beyond cancer detection, […]
AFP is a glycoprotein found in high concentrations in the blood of a developing fetus. It plays a pivotal role in managing the growth and development of the fetus. After birth, AFP levels drop significantly and remain low throughout adulthood. Key Uses of the AFP Test: Defining AFP Test Results Normal AFP Levels: Elevated AFP […]
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a member of the gonadotropin hormone group, plays a vital role in reproductive function for both males and females. It affects and acts on granulosa cells in the ovaries of females and Sertoli cells in the testes of males. In females, it supports the maturation and ovulation of eggs each month, while […]
Introduction Heart failure (HF) is one of leading global health issue. The disease primarily presenting with symptoms that lack specificity and may be confused with other ailments. Early recognition and correct diagnosis are fundamental for optimal treatment and improved health outcomes. Among several biomarkers, NT-pro BNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) has emerged as a highly […]
Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is generated by the testes in males and ovaries in females. In females, AMH is essential for follicle development within the ovaries, regulating the growth of these follicles and serving as an indicator of ovarian reserve, which reflects the number of viable eggs remaining in a woman. In males, AMH is secreted […]
Dengue fever, often called “breakbone fever,” is an illness caused by the dengue virus. This disease is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and remains a significant public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Most will get better in 1–2 weeks. Some people develop severe dengue fever and need care in a hospital. […]
Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella enteric Serovar Typhi, persists as a significant public health issue, particularly in areas lacking proper sanitation and access to clean water. This contagious ailment affects millions globally each year, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Timely and precise diagnosis is essential for promptly initiating suitable treatment, saving lives, […]
